Knowledge Teens About Smoking and How to respond Teens.
Adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood. This period is important because there are periods of physical and psychological development occurred rapidly (Atkinson, et al, 1993). Hurlock (1999) divides the physical changes in adolescents into 2 types of change that is external changes, including changes in height, weight, body proportions, sexual organs and secondary sex characteristics, and internal changes, including changes in the endocrine system, the system bleeding, digestive system, etc.. In addition, teenagers are also promising emotional perubaham then reflected in the attitudes and behavior. Personality development during this period influenced not only by parents and family environment, but also the surrounding neighborhood associations and friends outside of school.
Erikson in Papalia (2008) said the teens in crisis psychosocial aspects of its development during the period when they are looking for their identity. Adolescence is often portrayed as a strom and stress because a discrepancy between the physical development of mature and has not been offset by psychosocial development. Teens often try to give the impression that they are nearly grown, namely smoking, drinking, and using illegal drugs (Hurlock, 1999).
Adolescent period should already have the mindset of its own in an attempt to solve even complex and abstract. Adolescents develop the ability to think in such a way that they can easily imagine many alternative solutions to problems and their possible consequences or results. The capacity to think logically and abstractly they grow so they are able to multi-dimensional thinking like scientists. Teenagers no longer receive information as it is, but they will process information and adapt it to their own thinking. They are also able to integrate past and present experience to be transformed into conclusions, predictions, and plans for the future. With this formal operational ability, the teens are able to adapt themselves to their surroundings.
In fact, in developing countries (including Indonesia) is still very much young people (even adults) that have not been able to fully reach the stage of formal operational cognitive development. Some are still lagging behind at this stage of previous development, namely concrete operations, which used the mindset is still very sederhanan and have not been able to see problems from different dimensions, (Efri, 2007). Similarly, in interpreting the pattern of teenage smoking. Rooms for teenagers is a symbol of self-actualization and their adjustment to the environment their peers. Many teenagers who only follow the trend and behavior of their peers only.
Results of a study showed that the rate of adolescent smokers' knowledge about the effects of smoking on health is not good that is equal to 53.4%. That's what encourages or causes the smoking behavior of adolescents who do not never subsided, even reported in other studies there is the tendency of teenagers start smoking at a younger age. Santrock (2003) makes the finding that adolescents who start smoking at the age of less than twelve years old are more likely to become heavy smokers. This can be correlated with the level of knowledge of adolescents to smoking and levels of dependency. The younger the age of teenagers start smoking level of knowledge about the dangers of cigarettes they become more limited and duration of cigarette consumption was the longer. Therefore, teens will experience a more severe dependence because the level of toxicity that the higher the addictive substances.
B. Personality factors, Role of Parents, and Friends In the Formation of Peer Smoking Behavior in Adolescents
Social interaction is a reciprocal relationship between individual to individual, the individual with the group and between groups with the group. Social interaction is a process of communication among the people to influence each other feelings, thoughts and actions. Social interaction will take place when an individual's actions and those actions lead to reactions of other individuals. Social interaction occurs when two or more people facing each other, working together, talking, shaking hands or even there is competition and contention.
Social interaction is a structured relationship in the form of action based on social norms and values prevailing in society. And this is where we can observe or feel that if in accordance with the norms and values in society, the interaction will take place in a well, and vice versa, when the social interactions that do not comply with norms and values in society, interactions that occur less well underway.
Smoking behavior is a learned behavior and formed due to a social interaction. There are many reasons for the background for adolescent smoking behavior. In general, according to Kurt Lewin in Efri (2007), that smoking behavior is a function of the environment and individuals. This means that smoking behavior attributed to the factors of the self is also caused by environmental factors. In addition, according Mu'tadin (2002) factors causing meokok behavior in adolescents is the influence of parents, peers, personality factors, and advertising.
Factors from within oneself (personality) arising in connection with the crisis experienced in the psychosocial aspects of adolescence, which in this period of self occurs. Adolescence is often portrayed as the strom and stress because of incompatibilities psychological and social development. Search efforts conducted adolescent identity is not always in accordance with the corridor and the existing norms. Many teenagers who fall resulting in search behavior and identity symbol in the wrong way, eg by smoking, taking drugs, free sex, etc.. Behaviors are formed due to interaction with the environment that one teenager, (Avin, 000).
Reasons for wanting to know, to break away from the pain, mebebaskan themselves from boredom, etc. is also a factor that could encourage teenagers kpribadian to behave smoking, Pederson results in Murray (2000) found that adolescents who smoke high kasusunya in adolescents with depression, love rebelled, and experiencing social conformity. Tschann in Murray (2000) also mentions a similar case in his research, the adolescents who showed emotional stress is likely to become smokers.
Transmission of smoking behavior that occur in adolescents can also be explained by the theory of Bandura's social cognitive learning in Sigelman and Rider (2003). This theory states that the influence of individuals is influenced by environmental, cognitive, and individuals. People can learn to observe the behavior of others and practice these behaviors. Cognitive very important role in observational learning that emphasizes learning as an important mechanism in perubahana masnusia behavior. Observatinal learning is behavior resulting from observing the behavior of others (called models) with learning. Observational learning will not occur if the cognitive process does not work. Smoking behavior was not merely a process of imitation and positive reinforcement from family and peer environment but also the considerations of the consequences of smoking behavior. In this regard, if parents or siblings smoke is a good imitation agent. If their families do not have a smoke, then the permissive attitude of parents is a positive pengukuh on smoking behavior.
Prokop in Agriawan (2001) also stated the same opinion. He stated that the teenagers who come from families where both oarang older smokers and older sibling smoking are likely to be smokers 4 times greater than children who come from families who are not smokers. A research ever undertaken by the government of the United States diketeahui that 14% of children whose parents smoke are also to be smokers, whereas children of parents who smoke non-smokers only 6%.
Parents who think smoking during adolescence is a good thing not done by the teenagers and most parents will forbid their children to smoke. But usually with busy parents and supported by the permissive attitude of parents that many teenagers who do the activity without the knowledge of their parents smoke. This was done to avoid conflicts between teens with parents and peers.
So was the case in peer groups. Peers have a very analogous role for adolescents, because during the adolescent begins to separate from parents and began to join the peer group. The need for acceptance often makes teenagers go to any length to gain acceptance from their peers and be free as a coward and a sissy.
Teens who pass the physical changes quickly get comfortable with with others who also is going through the same changes. One of the tasks according to the development of adolescent peer pressure, teen havighurst is reaching new and more mature relationships with peers. Peer group as a social environment for teens to have an important role for the development of his personality. When adolescents are in a group of peers, adolescents formulate and improve their self concept. Adolescents judged by others who aligned with him when adolescents are in a group of peers.
Peer influence on attitudes, conversations, interests, appearance and behavior is greater than the influence of parents. For example, when members of the group tried to drink alcohol, drugs or cigarettes, then teenagers tend to follow it regardless of their own feelings and the consequences thereof This can be explained by the concept of conformity which occurs in adolescents. According Santrock conformity occurs when teenagers adopted the attitude or behavior of other teenagers because of the pressure either directly or not. Teenagers give in to pressure groups because they directly request directly to follow what has been created by the group. Teens follow what is made by the group, although not the basis of his fatherly desire to maintain its position in the group and also for the same as the attitude and behavior of his friends and for himself is not considered strange by his garden friends. Santrock also added that conformity to group norms occurs when the norm tesebut clearly stated and the individual is under the supervision group.
Factors that cause teen smoking;
1. Genetic factors (descendants).
2. Personality factors (personality) = Seeing themselves less successful
3. Social Factors: The most influential is the number of friends who smoke.
4. Psychological factors (psychodynamic). Kehilangankenikmatan early oral or presence of a low self-esteem. They are easy to quit smoking usiasekitar was weaned at 7-8 months, while a hard stop, formerly disapihpada age of 4.7 months.
5 Factors sensorimotorik. = Enjoy the sensation of smoking.
6. Pharmacological factors. Nikotinlah which became the main culprit
Petua for teenagers who want to quit smoking:
• Set the chronicle to quit smoking and make note of warning.
• Be confident, positive minded and always tell yourself that "you can get rid of smoking behavior."
• Get support.
• Overcome the desire / divisions to smoke with:
o chewing gum sweets that do not contain sugar (chewing gum)
o do senaman
o bath with more frequent
• Use a nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine replacement therapy).
Erikson in Papalia (2008) said the teens in crisis psychosocial aspects of its development during the period when they are looking for their identity. Adolescence is often portrayed as a strom and stress because a discrepancy between the physical development of mature and has not been offset by psychosocial development. Teens often try to give the impression that they are nearly grown, namely smoking, drinking, and using illegal drugs (Hurlock, 1999).
Adolescent period should already have the mindset of its own in an attempt to solve even complex and abstract. Adolescents develop the ability to think in such a way that they can easily imagine many alternative solutions to problems and their possible consequences or results. The capacity to think logically and abstractly they grow so they are able to multi-dimensional thinking like scientists. Teenagers no longer receive information as it is, but they will process information and adapt it to their own thinking. They are also able to integrate past and present experience to be transformed into conclusions, predictions, and plans for the future. With this formal operational ability, the teens are able to adapt themselves to their surroundings.
In fact, in developing countries (including Indonesia) is still very much young people (even adults) that have not been able to fully reach the stage of formal operational cognitive development. Some are still lagging behind at this stage of previous development, namely concrete operations, which used the mindset is still very sederhanan and have not been able to see problems from different dimensions, (Efri, 2007). Similarly, in interpreting the pattern of teenage smoking. Rooms for teenagers is a symbol of self-actualization and their adjustment to the environment their peers. Many teenagers who only follow the trend and behavior of their peers only.
Results of a study showed that the rate of adolescent smokers' knowledge about the effects of smoking on health is not good that is equal to 53.4%. That's what encourages or causes the smoking behavior of adolescents who do not never subsided, even reported in other studies there is the tendency of teenagers start smoking at a younger age. Santrock (2003) makes the finding that adolescents who start smoking at the age of less than twelve years old are more likely to become heavy smokers. This can be correlated with the level of knowledge of adolescents to smoking and levels of dependency. The younger the age of teenagers start smoking level of knowledge about the dangers of cigarettes they become more limited and duration of cigarette consumption was the longer. Therefore, teens will experience a more severe dependence because the level of toxicity that the higher the addictive substances.
B. Personality factors, Role of Parents, and Friends In the Formation of Peer Smoking Behavior in Adolescents
Social interaction is a reciprocal relationship between individual to individual, the individual with the group and between groups with the group. Social interaction is a process of communication among the people to influence each other feelings, thoughts and actions. Social interaction will take place when an individual's actions and those actions lead to reactions of other individuals. Social interaction occurs when two or more people facing each other, working together, talking, shaking hands or even there is competition and contention.
Social interaction is a structured relationship in the form of action based on social norms and values prevailing in society. And this is where we can observe or feel that if in accordance with the norms and values in society, the interaction will take place in a well, and vice versa, when the social interactions that do not comply with norms and values in society, interactions that occur less well underway.
Smoking behavior is a learned behavior and formed due to a social interaction. There are many reasons for the background for adolescent smoking behavior. In general, according to Kurt Lewin in Efri (2007), that smoking behavior is a function of the environment and individuals. This means that smoking behavior attributed to the factors of the self is also caused by environmental factors. In addition, according Mu'tadin (2002) factors causing meokok behavior in adolescents is the influence of parents, peers, personality factors, and advertising.
Factors from within oneself (personality) arising in connection with the crisis experienced in the psychosocial aspects of adolescence, which in this period of self occurs. Adolescence is often portrayed as the strom and stress because of incompatibilities psychological and social development. Search efforts conducted adolescent identity is not always in accordance with the corridor and the existing norms. Many teenagers who fall resulting in search behavior and identity symbol in the wrong way, eg by smoking, taking drugs, free sex, etc.. Behaviors are formed due to interaction with the environment that one teenager, (Avin, 000).
Reasons for wanting to know, to break away from the pain, mebebaskan themselves from boredom, etc. is also a factor that could encourage teenagers kpribadian to behave smoking, Pederson results in Murray (2000) found that adolescents who smoke high kasusunya in adolescents with depression, love rebelled, and experiencing social conformity. Tschann in Murray (2000) also mentions a similar case in his research, the adolescents who showed emotional stress is likely to become smokers.
Transmission of smoking behavior that occur in adolescents can also be explained by the theory of Bandura's social cognitive learning in Sigelman and Rider (2003). This theory states that the influence of individuals is influenced by environmental, cognitive, and individuals. People can learn to observe the behavior of others and practice these behaviors. Cognitive very important role in observational learning that emphasizes learning as an important mechanism in perubahana masnusia behavior. Observatinal learning is behavior resulting from observing the behavior of others (called models) with learning. Observational learning will not occur if the cognitive process does not work. Smoking behavior was not merely a process of imitation and positive reinforcement from family and peer environment but also the considerations of the consequences of smoking behavior. In this regard, if parents or siblings smoke is a good imitation agent. If their families do not have a smoke, then the permissive attitude of parents is a positive pengukuh on smoking behavior.
Prokop in Agriawan (2001) also stated the same opinion. He stated that the teenagers who come from families where both oarang older smokers and older sibling smoking are likely to be smokers 4 times greater than children who come from families who are not smokers. A research ever undertaken by the government of the United States diketeahui that 14% of children whose parents smoke are also to be smokers, whereas children of parents who smoke non-smokers only 6%.
Parents who think smoking during adolescence is a good thing not done by the teenagers and most parents will forbid their children to smoke. But usually with busy parents and supported by the permissive attitude of parents that many teenagers who do the activity without the knowledge of their parents smoke. This was done to avoid conflicts between teens with parents and peers.
So was the case in peer groups. Peers have a very analogous role for adolescents, because during the adolescent begins to separate from parents and began to join the peer group. The need for acceptance often makes teenagers go to any length to gain acceptance from their peers and be free as a coward and a sissy.
Teens who pass the physical changes quickly get comfortable with with others who also is going through the same changes. One of the tasks according to the development of adolescent peer pressure, teen havighurst is reaching new and more mature relationships with peers. Peer group as a social environment for teens to have an important role for the development of his personality. When adolescents are in a group of peers, adolescents formulate and improve their self concept. Adolescents judged by others who aligned with him when adolescents are in a group of peers.
Peer influence on attitudes, conversations, interests, appearance and behavior is greater than the influence of parents. For example, when members of the group tried to drink alcohol, drugs or cigarettes, then teenagers tend to follow it regardless of their own feelings and the consequences thereof This can be explained by the concept of conformity which occurs in adolescents. According Santrock conformity occurs when teenagers adopted the attitude or behavior of other teenagers because of the pressure either directly or not. Teenagers give in to pressure groups because they directly request directly to follow what has been created by the group. Teens follow what is made by the group, although not the basis of his fatherly desire to maintain its position in the group and also for the same as the attitude and behavior of his friends and for himself is not considered strange by his garden friends. Santrock also added that conformity to group norms occurs when the norm tesebut clearly stated and the individual is under the supervision group.
Factors that cause teen smoking;
1. Genetic factors (descendants).
2. Personality factors (personality) = Seeing themselves less successful
3. Social Factors: The most influential is the number of friends who smoke.
4. Psychological factors (psychodynamic). Kehilangankenikmatan early oral or presence of a low self-esteem. They are easy to quit smoking usiasekitar was weaned at 7-8 months, while a hard stop, formerly disapihpada age of 4.7 months.
5 Factors sensorimotorik. = Enjoy the sensation of smoking.
6. Pharmacological factors. Nikotinlah which became the main culprit
Petua for teenagers who want to quit smoking:
• Set the chronicle to quit smoking and make note of warning.
• Be confident, positive minded and always tell yourself that "you can get rid of smoking behavior."
• Get support.
• Overcome the desire / divisions to smoke with:
o chewing gum sweets that do not contain sugar (chewing gum)
o do senaman
o bath with more frequent
• Use a nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine replacement therapy).
. Pengetahuan Remaja Tentang Rokok dan Cara Remaja Menyikapinya
Masa remaja adalah masa peralihan dari usia kanak-kanak ke usia dewasa. Periode ini merupakan periode yang penting karena disana terjadi perkembangan fisik dan psikologis yang pesat (Atkinson, dkk, 1993). Hurlock (1999) membagi perubahan fisik pada remaja menjadi 2 jenis perubahan yaitu perubahan eksternal yang meliputi perubahan tinggi badan, berat badan, proporsi tubuh, organ seks, dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder, dan perubahan internal yang meliputi perubahan sistem endokrin, sistem perdarahan, sistem pencernaan, dll. Selain itu, remaja juga mangalami perubaham emosional yang kemudian tercermin dalam sikap dan tingkah laku. Perkembangan kepribadian pada masa ini dipengaruhi tidak saja oleh orang tua dan lingkungan keluarga, tetapi juga lingkungan sekeliling maupun teman-teman pergaulan di luar sekolah.
Erikson dalam Papalia (2008) mengatakan remaja mengalami krisis aspek psikososial pada masa perkembangannya yaitu masa ketika mereka sedang mencari jati dirinya. Masa remaja sering dilukiskan sebagai strom dan stress kerena ketidaksesuaian antara perkembangan fisik yang sudah matang dan belum diimbangi oleh perkembangan psikososial. Remaja sering berusaha memberikan kesan bahwa mereka sudah hampir dewasa, yaitu merokok, minum-minuman keras, dan menggunakan obat terlarang (Hurlock, 1999).
Periode remaja harusnya sudah memiliki pola pikir sendiri dalam usaha memecahkan masalah-malah yang kompleks dan abstrak. Kemampuan berpikir para remaja berkembang sedemikian rupa sehingga mereka dengan mudah dapat membayangkan banyak alternatif pemecahan masalah beserta kemungkinan akibat atau hasilnya. Kapasitas berpikir secara logis dan abstrak mereka berkembang sehingga mereka mampu berpikir multi-dimensi seperti ilmuwan. Para remaja tidak lagi menerima informasi apa adanya, tetapi mereka akan memproses informasi itu serta mengadaptasikannya dengan pemikiran mereka sendiri. Mereka juga mampu mengintegrasikan pengalaman masa lalu dan sekarang untuk ditransformasikan menjadi konklusi, prediksi, dan rencana untuk masa depan. Dengan kemampuan operasional formal ini, para remaja mampu mengadaptasikan diri dengan lingkungan sekitar mereka.
Pada kenyataannya, di negara-negara berkembang (termasuk Indonesia) masih sangat banyak remaja (bahkan orang dewasa) yang belum mampu sepenuhnya mencapai tahap perkembangan kognitif operasional formal ini. Sebagian masih tertinggal pada tahap perkembangan sebelumnya, yaitu operasional konkrit, dimana pola pikir yang digunakan masih sangat sederhanan dan belum mampu melihat masalah dari berbagai dimensi, (Efri, 2007). Begitu pula halnya dalam pola remaja dalam menginterpretasikan rokok. Rokok bagi remaja merupakan simbol aktualisasi diri dan penyesuaian mereka terhadap lingkungan teman sebaya mereka. Banyak remaja yang hanya mengikuti trend dan perilaku teman sebayanya saja.
Hasil suatu penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan remaja perokok tentang efek rokok terhadap kesehatan adalah kurang baik yaitu sebesar 53,4%. Hal itulah yang mendorong atau menyebabkan perilaku merokok yang dilakukan remaja tidak pernah surut, bahkan dilaporkan dalam penelitian lain ada kecenderungan remaja mulai merokok pada usia yang lebih muda. Santrock (2003) membuat temuan bahwa remaja yang mulai merokok pada usia kurang dari dua belas tahun lebih cenderung menjadi perokok berat. Hal ini bisa dikorelasikan dengan tingkat pengetahuan remaja terhadap rokok dan tingkat ketergantungannya. Semakin muda usia remaja mulai merokok tingkat pengetahuan tentang bahaya rokok merekapun semakin terbatas dan jangka waktu konsumsi rokoknya pun semakin lama. Oleh karena itu, remaja akan mengalami ketergantungan yang lebih berat karena tingkat keracunan zat adiktif yang semakin tinggi.
B. Faktor Kepribadian, Peran Orang Tua, dan Teman Sebaya Dalam Pembentukan Perilaku Merokok pada Remaja
Interaksi sosial adalah hubungan timbal balik antara individu dengan individu, individu dengan kelompok dan antara kelompok dengan kelompok. Interaksi sosial merupakan proses komunikasi diantara orang-orang untuk saling mempengaruhi perasaan, pikiran dan tindakan. Interaksi sosial akan berlangsung apabila seorang individu melakukan tindakan dan dari tindakan tersebut menimbulkan reaksi individu yang lain. Interaksi sosial terjadi jika dua orang atau lebih saling berhadapan, bekerja sama, berbicara, berjabat tangan atau bahkan terjadi persaingan dan pertikaian.
Interaksi sosial merupakan hubungan tersusun dalam bentuk tindakan berdasarkan norma dan nilai sosial yang berlaku dalam masyarakat. Dan disinilah dapat kita amati atau rasakan bahwa apabila sesuai dengan norma dan nilai dalam masyarakat, interaksi tersebut akan berlangsung secara baik, begitu pula sebaliknya, manakala interaksi sosial yang dilakukan tidak sesuai dengan norma dan nilai dalam masyarakat, interaksi yang terjadi kurang berlangsung dengan baik.
Perilaku merokok merupakan perilaku yang dipelajari dan terbentuk karena adanya sebuah interaksi sosial. Ada banyak alasan yang melatar belakangi perilaku merokok remaja. Secara umum, menurut Kurt Lewin dalam Efri (2007), bahwa perilaku merokok merupakan fungsi dari lingkungan dan individu. Artinya, perilaku merokok selain disebabkan faktor-faktor dari dalam diri juga disebabkan faktor lingkungan. Selain itu, menurut Mu’tadin (2002) faktor penyebab perilaku meokok pada remaja adalah pengaruh orang tua, teman sebaya, faktor kepribadian, dan iklan.
Faktor dari dalam diri sendiri (kepribadian) timbul berkaitan dengan adanya krisis aspek psikososial yang dialami pada masa remaja, dimana pada masa ini terjadi pencarian jati diri. Masa remaja sering dilukiskan sebagai masa strom dan stress karena adanya ketidak sesuaian perkembangan psikis dan sosial. Upaya-upaya pencarian jati diri yang dilakukan remaja tidak selamanya sesuai dengan koridor dan norma yang ada. Banyak remaja yang terjerumus sehingga terjadi perilaku pencarian dan simbolisasi jati diri dengan cara yang salah, misal dengan merokok, mengkonsumsi narkoba, seks bebas, dll. Perilaku-perilaku tersebut terbentuk karena adanya interaksi remaja dengan lingkungan yang salah, (avin,000).
Alasan ingin tahu, melepaskan diri dari rasa sakit, mebebaskan diri dari kebosanan, dll juga merupakan faktor kpribadian yang mampu mendorong remaja untuk berperilaku merokok, Hasil penelitian Pederson dalam Murray (2000) menemukan bahwa remaja yang merokok tinggi kasusunya pada remaja yang mengalami depresi, suka memberontak, dan mengalami konformitas sosial. Tschann dalam Murray (2000) juga menyebutkan hal yang senada dalam hasil penelitiannya, yakni remaja yang menunjukkan emosi stress kemungkinan besar akan jadi perokok.
Transmisi perilaku merokok yang terjadi pada remaja juga dapat dijelaskan dengan teori social cognitif learning dari bandura dalam Sigelman dan Rider (2003). Teori ini menyatakan bahwa pengaruh individu dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan, kognitif, dan individu. Orang dapat belajar mengobservasi perilaku orang lain dan mempraktekkan perilaku tersebut. Peran kognitif sangat penting dalam belajar yang menekankan pada observasional learning sebagai mekanisme yang sangat penting pada perubahana perilaku masnusia. Observatinal learning adalah perilaku yang dihasilkan dari mengobservasi perilaku orang lain (disebut model) dengan belajar. Observasional learning tidak akan terjadi jika proses kognitif tidak bekerja. Perilaku merokok tidak semata-mata merupakan proses imitasi dan penguatan positif dari keluarga maupun lingkungan teman sebaya tetapi juga adanya pertimbangan-pertimbangan atas konsekuensi perilaku merokok. Dalam kaitan ini, jika orang tua atau saudaranya merokok merupakan agen imitasi yang baik. Jika keluarga mereka tidak ada yang merokok, maka sikap permisif orang tua merupakan pengukuh positif atas perilaku merokok.
Prokop dalam Agriawan (2001) juga menyatakan hal yang senada. Ia menyatakan bahwa remaja yang berasal dari keluarga perokok dimana kedua oarang tua dan saudara yang lebih tua merokok akan cenderung menjadi perokok 4 kali lebih besar dibanding anak yang berasal dari keluarga yang bukan perokok. Suatu riset yang pernah dilakukan oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat diketeahui bahwa 14% dari anak-anak yang orang tuanya merokok juga menjadi perokok, sedangkan anak-anak yang merokok dari orang tua yang tidak merokok hanya 6%.
Orang tua yang menganggap merokok pada usia remaja adalah suatu hal yang tidak bagus dilakukan oleh para remaja dan kebanyakan orang tua akan melarang anaknya untuk merokok. Namun biasanya dengan kesibukan orang tua dan didukung oleh sikap orang tua yang permisif banyak remaja yang melakukan aktifitas merokok tanpa sepengetahuan orang tuanya. Hal itu dilakukan untuk menghindari konflik antara remaja dengan orang tua dan teman sebayanya.
Demikian halnya yang terjadi pada kelompok teman sebaya. Teman sebaya mempunyai peran yang sangat berati bagi remaja, karena masa tersebut remaja mulai memisahkan diri dari orang tua dan mulai bergabung pada kelompok sebaya. Kebutuhan untuk diterima sering kali membuat remaja berbuat apa saja agar dapat diterima kelompoknya dan terbebas dari sebutan pengecut dan banci.
Remaja yang melewati perubahan fisik dengan cepat mendapatkan kenyamanan dengan bersama orang lain yang juga sedang melewati perubahan yang sama. Salah satu tugas perkembangan remaja menurut teman sebaya, remaja havighurst adalah mencapai hubungan baru dan lebih matang dengan teman sebaya. Kelompok teman sebaya sebagai lingkungan sosial bagi remaja mempunyai peranan penting bagi perkembangan kepribadiannya. Ketika remaja berada di dalam kelompok teman sebaya, remaja merumuskan dan memperbaiki konsep dirinya. Remaja dinilai oleh orang lain yang sejajar dengan dirinya ketika remaja berada dalam kelompok teman sebaya.
Pengaruh teman sebaya pada sikap, pembicaraan, minat, penampilan dan perilaku lebih besar dari pada pengaruh orang tua. Misalnya bila anggota kelompok mencoba meminum alkohol, obat-obatan terlarang atau rokok, maka remaja cenderung mengikutinya tanpa memperdulikan perasaan mereka sendiri dan akibat yang ditimbulkannya Hal ini dapat dijelaskan dengan konsep konformitas yang terjadi pada remaja. Menurut Santrock konformitas terjadi ketika remaja mengadopsi sikap atau perilaku remaja lain karena adanya tekanan baik secara langsung atau tidak. Remaja menyerah pada tekanan kelompok secara langsung kerena permintaan secara langsung untuk mengikuti apa yang telah dibuat oleh kelompok tersebut. Remaja mengikuti apa yang dibuat oleh kelompok walaupun bukan dasar keinginan dirinya unutk mempertahankan kedudukannya didalam kelompok dan juga agar sama seperti sikap dan perilaku teman-temannya dan agar dirinya tidak dianggap aneh oleh teman-tamannya. Santrock juga menambahkan bahwa konformitas kepada norma kelompok terjadi apabila norma tesebut jelas dinyatakan dan individu berada dibawah pengawasan kelompok.
Faktor penyebab remaja merokok;
1. Faktor genetik ( Keturunan).
2. Faktor kepribadian (personality) = Memandang diri kurang sukses
3. Faktor Sosial: Yang paling berpengaruh adalah jumlah teman-teman yang merokok.
4. Faktor kejiwaan (psikodinamik). Kehilangankenikmatan oral yang dini atau adanya suatu rasa rendah diri. Mereka yang mudah berhenti merokok ternyata disapih pada usiasekitar 7-8 bulan, sedangkan yang sukar berhenti, dahulu disapihpada usia sekitar 4,7 bulan.
5 Faktor sensorimotorik. = Menikmati sensasi merokok.
6. Faktor farmakologis. Nikotinlah yang menjadi biang keladi utamanya
Petua untuk Para remaja yang ingin berhenti merokok :
• Tetapkan tarikh untuk berhenti merokok dan buatkan nota peringatan.
• Bersikap yakin, selalu berfikiran positif dan beritahu diri anda yang "anda boleh membuang tabiat merokok".
• Dapatkan sokongan.
• Atasi keinginan/ gian untuk merokok dengan :
o mengunyah gula-gula getah yang tidak mengandungi gula (chewing gum)
o lakukan senaman
o mandi dengan lebih kerap
• Gunakan terapi gantian nikotin (nicotine replacement therapy).
